Uganda yaunda kikosi maalum

Wanajeshi wa Uganda, wamekuwa wakiwasaidia wanajeshi wa Sudan Kusini kupambana na wapiganaji wa waasi, kwa muda wa mwezi mmoja uliopita.

Mwandishi wa BBC mjini Kampala anasema amesema kuwa huenda serikali ya nchi hiyo inataka kushirikishwa katika majukumu kama hayo siku zijazo.

Wanajeshi wa Uganda vile vil vile wanatunza amani nchini Somalia na Jamuhuri ya Afrika ya Kati.

Wanajeshi hao pia wamewahi kuhudumu nchini Jamuhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Congo na Rwanda.

Muungano wa Afrika umekuwa na mpango wa kuunda kikosi maalum cha kukabiliana na majanga na mizozo, lakini pendekezo hilo halijaidhinishwa na vingozi wa serikali za nchini wanachama wa muungano huo wa AU.

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Papa Francis awataka viongozi kujali

Kiongozi wa kanisa la Katoliki duniani, Papa Francis, ametoa wito kwa viongozi wanaohudhuria mkutano wa kimataifa mjini Davos kuhakiksiha kuwa mali na utajiri ulio hapa duniani unapaswa kuwahudumia raia badala ya kuwatawala.

Papa huyo kutoka Brazil, amekuwa mkosoaji mkubwa wa mfumo ubepari ambao unawakandamiza watu walio masikini na amekuwa katika mstari wa mbele kutetea maslahi ya raia wa nchi hiyo ambao wengi wao ni masikini.

Katika hotuba iliyosomwa kwa niaba ya papa na Kadinali Peter Turkson, kutoka Ghana, ambaye ni mkuu wa tume ya haki na amani huko Vatican, Papa Francis, amewaomba wafanyabiashara katika mkutano wa kimataifa wa kiuchumi kuusaidia umma, badala ya kuruhusu umaskini usambae duniani.

Kuondoa umasikini duniani

Papa Francis alitoa wito kwa viongozi hao kujitolea zaidi na kufanya mengi zaidi kuliko kuzingatia maslahi ya kawaida na pia kutathmini jinsi kuhakikisha kuwa utajiri wa taifa umesambazwa kwa raia wote.

Wakati huo huo amewarai wafanyabiashara kuchukua jukumu hilo huku wakiwa na mtizamo na mwelekeo wa kuimarisha hali ya maisha duniani.

Mapema wiki hii shirika la Oxfam, liliripoti kuwa watu themanini na watano tajiri zaidi duniani, wanamiliki utajiri ambao ni sawa na mali inayomilikiwa na zaidi ya watu bilioni tatu na nusu wengi wao wakijumuisha nusu ya watu walio na mapato ya chini zaidi duniani.

Amesema ukuaji wa usawa ni zaidi ya ukuaji wa kiuchumi licha ya kuwa vyote vinaambatana.

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Majina ya wasanii wanaowania tuzo za Grammy 2014 yatangazwa, Jay Z anaongoza kwa nomination 9 ( orodha kamili)

Majina ya wasanii wanaowania tuzo za muziki za Grammy zinzotarajiwa kutolewa January mwakani tayari yamefahamika, Jay Z anaongoza kwa kupata nomination 9, akifuatiwa na Justin Timberlake, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis na Pharrell Williams wote wakiwa na nomination 7.

                LL Cool J

Wengine ni Drake ambaye amepata nomination 5, Taylor Swift ana 4 wakati Kanye amepata nomination 2 tu.

 Majina ya Nominees yalitolewa jana (December 6) katika tamasha la Grammy Nominations ambalo LL Cool J ndiye alikuwa host wa shughuli hiyo.

Tuzo hizo za 56 za Grammy zitatolewa January 26, 2014.

Hii ni orodha kamili ya majina ya wasanii wanaowania tuzo za ‘56th Grammy Awards-2014’:

Album of the Year:

Kendrick Lamar – good Kid, m.A.A.d. City

 Daft Punk – Random Access Memories

 Sara Bareilles – The Blessed Unrest

 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis – The Heist

 Taylor Swift – Red

Song of the Year:

 Pink! Feat. Nate Ruess – “Just Give Me A Reason”

 Bruno Mars – “Locked Out Of Heaven”

 Katy Perry – “Roar”

 Lorde – “Royals”

 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis Feat. Mary Lambert – “Same Love”

Best Pop/Duo Group Performance:

 Daft Punk Feat. Pharrell – “Get Lucky”

 Pink! Feat. Nate Ruess – “Just Give Me A Reason”

 Rihanna Feat. Mikky Ekko – “Stay”

 Robin Thicke Feat. Pharrell and T.I. – “Blurred Lines”

 Justin Timberlake Feat. JAY Z – “Suit & Tie”

Best Rap Album:

 Drake – Nothing Was the Same

 JAY Z – Magna Carta…Holy Grail

 Kendrick Lamar – good kid, m.A.A.d city

 Kanye West – Yeezus

 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis – The Heist

Best Country Album:

 Jason Aldean – Night Train

 Tim McGraw – Two Lanes of Freedom

 Kacey Musgraves – Same Trailer Different Park

 Blake Shelton – Based on a True Story

 Taylor Swift – Red

Best New Artist:

 James Blake

 Ed Sheeran

 Kendrick Lamar

 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis

 Kacey Musgraves

Record of the Year:

 Imagine Dragons – “Radioactive”

 Daft Punk Feat. Pharrell – “Get Lucky”

 Lorde – “Royals”

 Bruno Mars – “Locked Out Of Heaven”

 Robin Thicke Feat. T.I. and Pharrell – “Blurred Lines”

Best Rap Performance:

 “Started From The Bottom” — Drake

 “Berzerk” — Eminem

 “Tom Ford” — Jay Z

 “Swimming Pools (Drank)” — Kendrick Lamar

 “Thrift Shop” — Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Featuring Wanz

Best Rap/Sung Collaboration:

 “Power Trip” — J.Cole Featuring Miguel

 “Part II (On The Run)” — Jay Z Featuring Beyoncé

 “Holy Grail” — Jay Z Featuring Justin Timberlake

 “Now Or Never” — Kendrick Lamar Featuring Mary J. Blige

 “Remember You” — Wiz Khalifa Featuring The Weeknd

Best Rap Song

 “F***in’ Problems” — Tauheed Epps, Aubrey Graham, Kendrick Lamar, Rakim Mayers & Noah Shebib, songwriters (ASAP Rocky Featuring Drake, 2 Chainz & Kendrick Lamar)

 “Holy Grail” — Shawn Carter, Terius Nash, J. Harmon, Timothy Mosley, Justin Timberlake & Ernest Wilson, songwriters (Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl & Krist Novoselic, songwriters) (Jay Z Featuring Justin Timberlake)

 “New Slaves” — Christopher Breaux, Ben Bronfman, Mike Dean, Louis Johnson, Malik Jones, Elon Rutberg, Sakiya Sandifer, Che Smith, Kanye West & Cydell Young, songwriters (Anna Adamis & Gabor Presser, songwriters) (Kanye West)

 “Started From The Bottom” — W. Coleman, Aubrey Graham & Noah Shebib, songwriters (Bruno Sanfilippo, songwriter) (Drake)

 “Thrift Shop” — Ben Haggerty & Ryan Lewis, songwriters (Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Featuring Wanz)

Best R&B Performance:

 “Love And War” — Tamar Braxton

 “Best Of Me” — Anthony Hamilton

 “Nakamarra” — Hiatus Kaiyote Featuring Q-Tip

 “How Many Drinks?” — Miguel Featuring Kendrick Lamar

 “Something” — Snarky Puppy With Lalah Hathaway

Best Urban Contemporary Album:

 “Love And War” — Tamar Braxton

 “Side Effects Of You” — Fantasia

 “One: In The Chamber” — Salaam Remi

 “Unapologetic” — Rihanna

 “New York: A Love Story” — Mack Wilds

Best R&B Album:

 R&B Divas — Faith Evans

 Girl On Fire — Alicia Keys

 Love In The Future — John Legend

 Better — Chrisette MicheleThree Kings — TGT

Best Traditional R&B Performance:

 “Please Come Home — Gary Clark Jr.

 “Get It Right” — Fantasia

 “Quiet Fire” — Maysa

 “Hey Laura” — Gregory Porter

 “Yesterday” — Ryan Shaw

Best R&B Song (A Songwriters Award):

 “Best Of Me” — Anthony Hamilton & Jairus Mozee, songwriters (Anthony Hamilton)

 “Love And War” — Tamar Braxton, Darhyl Camper, Jr., LaShawn Daniels & Makeba Riddick, songwriters (Tamar Braxton)

 “Only One” — PJ Morton, songwriter (PJ Morton Featuring Stevie Wonder)

 “Pusher Love Girl” — James Fauntleroy, Jerome Harmon, Timothy Mosley & Justin Timberlake, songwriters (Justin Timberlake)

 “Without Me” — Fantasia Barrino, Missy Elliott, Al Sherrod Lambert, Harmony Samuels & Kyle Stewart, songwriters (Fantasia Featuring Kelly Rowland & Missy Elliot)

Best Pop Solo Performance:

 “Brave” — Sara Bareilles

 “Royals” — Lorde

 “When I Was Your Man” — Bruno Mars

 “Roar” — Katy Perry

 “Mirrors” — Justin Timberlake

Best Pop Vocal Album:

 “Paradise” — Lana Del Rey

 “Pure Heroine” — Lorde

 “Unorthodox Jukebox” — Bruno Mars

 “Blurred Lines” — Robin Thicke

 “The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience” — Justin Timberlake

Best Pop Instrumental Album:

 “Steppin’ Out” — Herb Alpert

 “The Beat” — Boney James

 “Handpicked” — Earl Klugh

 “Summer Horns” — Dave Koz, Gerald Albright, Mindi Abair & Richard Elliot

 “Hacienda” — Jeff Lorber Fusion

Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album:

 “Viva Duets” — Tony Bennett & Various Artists

 “To Be Loved” — Michael Bublé

 “The Standards” — Gloria Estefan

 “Cee Lo’s Magic Moment” — Cee Lo Green

 “Now” — Dionne Warwick

Best Dance/Electronica Album:

 Random Access Memories — Daft Punk

 Settle — Disclosure

 18 Months — Calvin Harris

 Atmosphere — Kaskade

 A Color Map Of The Sun — Pretty Lights

Best Dance Recording

 “Need U (100%)” — Duke Dumont Featuring A*M*E & MNEK

 “Sweet Nothing” — Calvin Harris Featuring Florence Welch

 “Atmosphere” — Kaskade

 “This Is What It Feels Like” — Armin Van Buuren Featuring Trevor Guthrie

 “Clarity” — Zedd Featuring Foxes

Best Rock Performance:

 “Always Alright” — Alabama Shakes

 “The Stars (Are Out Tonight)” — David Bowie

 “Radioactive” — Imagine Dragons

 “Kashmir” (Live) — Led Zeppelin

 “My God Is The Sun” — Queens Of The Stone Age

 “I’m Shakin’” — Jack White

Best Rock Album:

 “13″ — Black Sabbath

 “The Next Day” — David Bowie

 “Mechanical Bull” — Kings Of Leon

 “Celebration Day” — Led Zeppelin

 “…Like Clockwork” — Queens Of The Stone Age

 “Psychedelic Pill” — Neil Young With Crazy Horse

Best Metal Performance

 “T.N.T.” — Anthrax

 “God Is Dead?” — Black Sabbath

 “The Enemy Inside” — Dream Theater

 “In Due Time” — Killswitch Engage

 “Room 24″ — Volbeat Featuring King Diamond

Best Rock Song

 “Ain’t Messin ‘Round” — Gary Clark Jr., songwriter (Gary Clark Jr.)

 “Cut Me Some Slack” — Dave Grohl, Paul McCartney, Krist Novoselic & Pat Smear, songwriters (Paul McCartney, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic, Pat Smear)

 “Doom And Gloom” — Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, songwriters (The Rolling Stones)

 “God Is Dead?” — Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi & Ozzy Osbourne, songwriters (Black Sabbath)

 “Panic Station” — Matthew Bellamy, songwriter (Muse)

Best Alternative Music Album

 “The Worse Things Get, The Harder I Fight, The Harder I Fight, The More I Love You” — Neko Case

 “Trouble Will Find Me” — The National

 “Hesitation Marks” — Nine Inch Nails

 “Lonerism” — Tame Impala

 “Modern Vampires Of The City” — Vampire Weekend

Best Country Solo Performance:

 “I Drive Your Truck” — Lee Brice

 “I Want Crazy” — Hunter Hayes

 “Mama’s Broken Heart” — Miranda Lambert

 “Wagon Wheel” — Darius Rucker

 “Mine Would Be You” — Blake Shelton

Best Country Album:

 Night Train — Jason Aldean

 Two Lanes Of Freedom — Tim McGraw

 Same Trailer Different Park — Kacey Musgraves

 Based On A True Story — Blake Shelton

 Red — Taylor Swift

Best Country Duo/Group Performance

 “From This Valley” — The Civil Wars

 “Don’t Rush” — Kelly Clarkson Featuring Vince Gill

 “Your Side Of The Bed” — Little Big Town

 “Highway Don’t Care” — Tim McGraw, Taylor Swift & Keith Urban

 “You Can’t Make Old Friends” — Kenny Rogers With Dolly Parton

Best Country Song (A Songwriters Award)

 “Begin Again” — Taylor Swift, songwriter (Taylor Swift)

 “I Drive Your Truck” — Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington & Jimmy Yeary, songwriters (Lee Brice)

 “Mama’s Broken Heart” — Brandy Clark, Shane McAnally & Kacey Musgraves, songwriters (Miranda Lambert)

 “Merry Go ‘Round” — Shane McAnally, Kacey Musgraves & Josh Osborne, songwriters (Kacey Musgraves)

 “Mine Would Be You” — Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington & Deric Ruttan, songwriters (Blake Shelton)

Best New Age Album

 “Lux” — Brian Eno

 “Illumination” — Peter Kater

 “Final Call” — Kitaro

 “Awakening The Fire” — R. Carlos Nakai & Will Clipman

 “Love’s River” — Laura Sullivan

Best Jazz Instrumental Album:

 Guided Tour — The New Gary Burton Quartet

 Money Jungle: Provocative In Blue — Terri Lyne Carrington

 Life Forum — Gerald Clayton

 Pushing The World Away — Kenny Garrett

 Out Here — Christian McBride Trio

Best Improvised Jazz Solo

 “Don’t Run” — Terence Blanchard, soloist

 “Song For Maura” — Paquito D’Rivera, soloist

 “Song Without Words #4: Duet” — Fred Hersch, soloist

 “Stadium Jazz” — Donny McCaslin, soloist

 “Orbits” — Wayne Shorter, soloist

Best Jazz Vocal Album

 “The World According To Andy Bey” — Andy Bey

 “Attachments” — Lorraine Feather

 “Liquid Spirit” — Gregory Porter

 “WomanChild” — Cécile McLorin Salvant

 “After Blue” — Tierney Sutton

Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album

 “Brooklyn Babylon” — Darcy James Argue’s Secret Society

 “Night In Calisia” — Randy Brecker, Włodek Pawlik Trio & Kalisz Philharmonic

 “Wild Beauty” — Brussels Jazz Orchestra Featuring Joe Lovano

 “March Sublime” — Alan Ferber

 “Intrada” — Dave Slonaker Big Band

Best Latin Jazz Album

 “La Noche Más Larga” — Buika

 “Song For Maura” — Paquito D’Rivera And Trio Corrente

 “Yo” — Roberto Fonseca

 “Eggūn” — Omar Sosa

 “Latin Jazz-Jazz Latin” — Wayne Wallace Latin Jazz Quintet

Best Gospel Album:

 Grace (Live) — Tasha Cobbs

 Best For Last: 20 Year Celebration Vol. 1 — Donald Lawrence

 Best Days Yet — Bishop Paul S. Morton

 God Chaser (Live) — William Murphy

 Greater Than (Live) — Tye Tribbett

Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance

 “Break Every Chain [Live]” –Tasha Cobbs

 “Hurricane” — Natalie Grant

 “Lord, I Need You” — Matt Maher

 “Overcomer” — Mandisa

 “If He Did It Before… Same God [Live]” — Tye Tribbett

Best Gospel Song

 “Have Your Way” — Calvin Frazier & Deitrick Haddon, songwriters (Deitrick Haddon)

 “If He Did It Before… Same God [Live]” — Tye Tribbett, songwriter (Tye Tribbett)

 “If I Believe” — Wirlie Morris, Michael Paran, Charlie Wilson & Mahin Wilson, songwriters (Charlie Wilson)

 “A Little More Jesus” — Erica Campbell, Tina Campbell & Warryn Campbell, songwriters (Erica Campbell)

 “Still” — Percy Bady, songwriter (Percy Bady Featuring Lowell Pye)

Best Contemporary Christian Music Song

 “Hurricane” — Matt Bronleewe, Natalie Grant & Cindy Morgan, songwriters (Natalie Grant)

 “Love Take Me Over” — Steven Curtis Chapman, songwriter (Steven Curtis Chapman)

 “Overcomer” — David Garcia, Ben Glover & Christopher Stevens, songwriters (Mandisa)

 “Speak Life” — Toby McKeehan, Jamie Moore & Ryan Stevenson, songwriters (Tobymac)

 “Whom Shall I Fear (God Of Angel Armies)” — Ed Cash, Scott Cash & Chris Tomlin, songwriters (Chris Tomlin)

Best Contemporary Christian Music Album

 “We Won’t Be Shaken” — Building 429

 “All The People Said Amen [Live]” — Matt Maher

 “Overcomer” — Mandisa

 “Your Grace Finds Me (Live)” — Matt Redman

 “Burning Lights” Chris Tomlin

Best Latin Pop Album

 “Faith, Hope Y Amor” — Frankie J

 “Viajero Frecuente” — Ricardo Montaner

 “Vida” — Draco Rosa

 “Syntek” — Aleks Syntek

 “12 Historias” — Tommy Torres

Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album

 “El Objeto Antes Llamado Disco” — Café Tacvba

 “Ojo Por Ojo” — El Tri

 “Chances” — Illya Kuryaki And The Valderramas

 “Treinta Días” — La Santa Cecilia

 “Repeat After Me” — Los Amigos Invisibles

Best Regional Mexican Music Album (Including Tejano)

 “El Free” — Banda Los Recoditos

 “En Peligro De Extinción” — Intocable

 “A Mi Manera” — Mariachi Divas De Cindy Shea

 “Romeo Y Su Nieta” — Paquita La Del Barrio

 “13 Celebrando El 13″ — Joan Sebastian

Best Tropical Latin Album:

 3.0 — Marc Anthony

 Como Te Voy A Olvidar — Los Angeles Azules

 Pacific Mambo Orchestra — Pacific Mambo Orchestra

 Sergio George Presents Salsa Giants — Various Artists

 Corazón Profundo — Carlos Vives

Best Americana Album:

 Old Yellow Moon — Emmylou Harris & Rodney Crowell”

 Love Has Come For You — Steve Martin & Edie Brickell

 Buddy And Jim — Buddy Miller And Jim Lauderdale

 One True Vine — Mavis Staples

 Songbook — Allen Toussaint

Best Bluegrass Album

 “It’s Just A Road” — The Boxcars

 “Brothers Of The Highway” — Dailey & Vincent

 “This World Oft Can Be” — Della Mae

 “Three Chords And The Truth” — James King

 “The Streets Of Baltimore” — Del McCoury Band

Best Blues Album

 “Remembering Little Walter” — Billy Boy Arnold, Charlie Musselwhite, Mark Hummel, Sugar Ray Norcia & James Harman

 “Cotton Mouth Man” — James Cotton

 “Get Up!” — Ben Harper With Charlie Musselwhite

 “Seesaw” — Beth Hart & Joe Bonamassa

 “Down In Louisiana” — Bobby Rush

Best Folk Album

 “My Favorite Picture Of You” — Guy Clark

 “Sweetheart Of The Sun” — The Greencards

 “Build Me Up From Bones” — Sarah Jarosz

 “The Ash & Clay” — The Milk Carton Kids

 “They All Played For Us: Arhoolie Records 50th Anniversary Celebration” — (Various Artists) Chris Strachwitz, producer

Best Regional Roots Music Album

 “The Life & Times Of…The Hot 8 Brass Band” — Hot 8 Brass Band

 “Hula Ku’i” — Kahulanui

 “Le Fou” — Zachary Richard

 “Dockside Sessions” — Terrance Simien & The Zydeco Experience

 “Apache Blessing & Crown Dance Songs” — Joe Tohonnie Jr.

Best Reggae Album

 “One Love, One Life” — Beres Hammond

 “Ziggy Marley In Concert” — Ziggy Marley

 “The Messiah” — Sizzla

 “Reggae Connection” — Sly & Robbie And The Jam Masters

 “Reincarnated” — Snoop Lion

Best World Music Album

 “Savor Flamenco” — Gipsy Kings

 “No Place For My Dream” — Femi Kuti

 “Live: Singing For Peace Around The World” — Ladysmith Black Mambazo

 “The Living Room Sessions Part 2″ — Ravi Shankar

Best Children’s Album

 “Blue Clouds” Elizabeth Mitchell & You Are My Flower

 “The Mighty Sky” — Beth Nielsen Chapman

 “Recess” — Justin Roberts

 “Singing Our Way Through: Songs For The World’s Bravest Kids” — Alastair Moock & Friends

 “Throw A Penny In The Wishing Well” — Jennifer Gasoi

Best Spoken Word Album

 “America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren’t” — Stephen Colbert

 “Carrie And Me” — Carol Burnett

 “Let’s Explore Diabetes With Owls” — David Sedaris

 “Still Foolin’ ‘Em” — Billy Crystal

 “The Storm King” — Pete Seeger

Best Comedy Album:

 “Calm Down Gurrl” — Kathy Griffin

 “I’m Here To Help” — Craig Ferguson

 “A Little Unprofessional” — Ron White

 “Live” — Tig Notaro

 “That’s What I’m Talkin’ About” — Bob Saget

Best Musical Theater Album

 “Kinky Boots”

 “Matilda: The Musical”

 “Motown The Musical”

Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media

 Django Unchained

 The Great Gatsby (Deluxe Edition)

 Les Misérables (Deluxe Edition)

 Muscle Shoals

 Sound City: Real To Reel

Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media

 Argo — Alexandre Desplat, composer

 The Great Gatsby — Craig Armstrong, composer

 Life Of Pi — Mychael Danna, composer

 Lincoln — John Williams, composer

 Skyfall — Thomas Newman, composer

 Zero Dark Thirty — Alexandre Desplat, composer

Best Song Written For Visual Media

 “Atlas” from “The Hunger Games: Catching Fire” — Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion & Chris Martin, songwriters (Coldplay)

 “Silver Lining” from “Silver Linings Playbook” — Diane Warren, songwriter (Jessie J)

 “Skyfall” from “Skyfall”– Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth, songwriters (Adele)

 “We Both Know” from “Safe Haven” — Colbie Caillat & Gavin DeGraw, songwriters (Colbie Caillat Featuring Gavin DeGraw)

 “Young And Beautiful” from “The Great Gatsby” –Lana Del Rey & Rick Nowels, songwriters (Lana Del Rey)

 “You’ve Got Time” from Orange Is The New Black — Regina Spektor, songwriter (Regina Spektor)

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Exclusive Interview na Rose Muhando

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Rais JK asuka upya baraza la mawaziri awaacha mawaziri sita ateua wapya

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NELSON MANDELA: HISTORIA YA KUSISIMUA YA MAISHA YAKE

Rolihlahla Mandela
A.K.A: Mandela
MAJINA YA UTANI: Madiba, Black Pimpernel
MAHALI ALIKOZALIWA: Mveso, Transkei, South Africa
KAZI: Mwanaharakati, Kiongozi wa dunia
TAREHE YA KUZALIWA: Julai 18, 1918
TAREHE YA KUFA: DESEMBA 05, 2013
MAHALI ALIKOFIA: Johannesburg, South Africa
ELIMU: Taasisi ya Clarkebury, Chuo cha Wesleyan, Chuo Kikuu Kishiriki cha Fort Hare, Chuo Kikuu cha London, Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Nelson Mandela, Mwanasiasa maarufu nchini Afrika Kusini na duniani kwa ujumla ambaye alikuwa mtu muhimu katika kuutokomeza ubaguzi wa rangi nchini mwake, ni mtoto wa Chifu wa kabila la Tembu, Chifu Henry Mandela. Mandela alizaliwa katika mji mdogo wa Transkei.
CHAMA CHA ANC
Mandela alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Fort Hare na Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand. Akawa mwanasheria mwaka 1942. Mwaka 1944, alijiunga na Chama cha ANC, chama kilichodhamiria kuutokomeza utawala wa makaburu weupe pekee. Mwaka 1960, Chama tawala cha makaburu kilikipiga marufuku cha cha ANC na kuwashitaki viongozi wake kwa kosa la uhaini, lakini Mandela aliachiwa huru.

KUFUNGWA GEREZANI
Akiendeleza harakati zake za kupambana na makaburu, Mandela alikamatwa, akatiwa hatiani na kuhukumiwa kifungo cha maisha gerezani kuanzia mwaka 1964 hadi 1990, ambapo maisha yake kama kiongozi wa harakati za kupambana na ubaguzi wa rangi yakajulikana dunia nzima. Kama mfungwa wa dhamiri, Mandela mara kwa mara alikataa kuachiwa kwa masharti.

KUACHIWA HURU
Mwaka 1990, akiwa amekaa jela kwa miaka 26 na akiwa na umri wa miaka 71, iliachiwa huru bila masharti yoyote baada ya utawala wa kibaguzi kushinikizwa na jumuiya ya kimataifa. Mwaka 1993, Nelson Mandela alishinda Tuzo ya Nobel kwa harakati zake za kisiasa.

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Namna ya kumsaidia mjamzito anayetapika

HALI ya kusikia kichefuchefu na hatimaye kutapika ni tatizo ambalo huwaathiri wanawake kati ya asilimia 50 hadi 80 wanaopata ujauzito duniani kote. Hali hii inaitwa morning sickness, yaani ugonjwa wa asubuhi. Unaitwa hivyo kwa sababu mara nyingi kichefuchefu husumbua zaidi asubuhi ingawa kinaweza kutokea mchana ama muda wowote.

Kichefuchefu kinatoka na nini? Wanawake wamekuwa wakisumbuliwa na tatizo hili kwa karne nyingi, lakini chanzo chake hakifahamiki vyema ingawa kumekuwepo na nadharia nyingi ambazo bado zinafanyiwa kazi.

Inadhaniwa kwamba tatizo hili husababishwa na mabadiliko ya kifizikia na kikemikali tumboni; kuongezeka kwa homoni na kuongezeka kwa hali ya mjamzito kusikia harufu mbaya.

Nadharia moja kuhusu chanzo cha tatizo hili ni ile inayoonesha kwamba linatokana na kuongezeka kwa homoni aina ya estrogen na progesterone, humfanya mwanamke kusikia harufu mbaya huku tindikali pia ikiwa imeongezeka tumboni.

Inaaminika pia kwamba hali ya uchovu na hisia nzito ama mawazo mengi ambayo mara nyingi humpata mjamzito, vinachangia pia tatizo hili. Nadharia kuhusu homoni ambazo huwa nyingi zaidi wakati wa ujauzito, ndizo zinazozungumzwa zaidi kusababisha kichefuchefu.

Homoni za Progesterone zina tabia ya kulainisha misuli ya mwili na hii hufanyika ili kupunguza maumivu ya uzazi kwa kusaidia misuli ya tumbo la uzazi kulainika. Vile vile homoni hizi huathiri pia baadhi ya misuli kama vile tumbo na utumbo mwembamba.

Homoni za progesterone hupunguza kasi ya mfumo mzima wa uyeyushaji wa chakula mwilini, hali ambayo husababisha tumbo pia lisifanye kazi ya kutoa uchafu tumboni haraka na hivyo kuongezeka kwa tindikali nyingi.

Nadharia nyingine ambayo pia hukubalika na wasomi ni kwamba tatizo la kichefuchefu husababishwa na kujirundika kwa kitu kiitwacho kwa kitaalamu, human chorionic gonadotopin (hCG) kwenye tumbo. hCG huanza kuzalishwa baada ya mwanamke kunasa mimba na huendelea kuongezeka hadi mimba inapofikisha wiki 12 ambapo kasi ya hCG huanza kupungua.

Kwa wanawake wengi ni kipindi hiki pia ambacho tatizo la kichefuchefu huanza kupungua pia. Kuna nadharia nyingine ambayo pia hutajwa na wajuzi wakisema kuwa kichefu chefu chanzo chake ni kupungua kwa sukari mwilini, hasa katika wiki za awali za ujauzito.

Pia kuna nadharia inayoonesha kwamba wanawake wenye kawaida ya kula vyakula vyenye mafuta mengi huathirika zaidi kulinganisha na wale wanaokula vyakula visivyokuwa na mafuta.

Hata hivyo, tatizo hili la ‘ugonjwa wa asubuhi’ si kitu kibaya kwani tafiti nyingi zinaonesha kwamba wanawake wengi wanaokumbwa na tatizo hili ni mara chache kuwa na matatizo ya mimba kuharibika (miscarriages).

Pia madaktari wengi wanaamini tatizo hili na dalili nzuri kwamba baada ya mwanamke kuzaa, kuta za tumbo la uzazi hujengeka vyema.

Ingawa baada ya wiki 12 tatizo hili mara nyingi huanza kupungua, lakini baadhi ya akina mama huendelea kutapika hadi siku ya kujifungua. Hali hii ikitokea mara nyingi huathiri shughuli za mama za kila siku katika maisha yake pamoja na familia yake. Kutapika kunaweza kuathiri mtoto tumboni?

Si mtoto tu, hata mama yake kama atatapika sana na kuishiwa maji na chakula mwilini, vitu ambavyo ni muhimu kwake na kwa afya ya mtoto. Katika hali kama hiyo mjamzito anaweza kupungua uzito kwa kasi, jambo ambalo halishauriwi.

Tatizo la kutapika mjamzito huchukuliwa kama la kawaida lakini kuna wakati huwa baya zaidi na huitwa kwa kitaalamu hyperemesis gravidarium (HG). Wawanake ambao hukumbwa na tatizo hili mara nyingi ni wachache, yaani kati ya asilimia 0.5 hadi mbili ya wajawazito wote.

Kama HG haitatibiwa inaweza kuhatarisha maisha ya mama na mtoto tumboni. Tatizo hili la HG hutokea pale mjamzito anaposikia kichefu kuliko kawaida na kutapika kunakozidi mipaka. Inaweza kusababisha mjamzito kuishiwa maji, kupungua uzito na kupoteza virutubisho vingi vya mwili.

Mama anapofikia hali hii inabidi amuone daktari haraka kwa uangalizi wa karibu. Dalili za HG ni pamoja na kichefuchefu kinachokithiri, kutapika kunakoendelea (zaidi ya mara 3 au 4 kwa siku), kupungukiwa na maji mwilini na kupungua kwa virutubisho vya mwili kutokana na kupungua kwa maji.

Dalili zingine ni kupunguka uzito ama kushindwa kuongezeka uzito, mapigo ya moyo kuongezeka, ngozi kuonekana kavu na kichwa kuuma, na wakati mwingine mjamzito anaweza kupata hali kama ya kuchanganyikiwa. Ili kujua kama mjamzito kapungukiwa maji la kufanya ni pamoja na kuvuta ngozi yake ambapo hurudi taratibu.

Lingine ni ngozi inaonekana ikiwa kavu, kupungukiwa machozi ama mate, ulimi kukauka, kuchanganyikiwa ama, mawazo mengi ama hasira, kupungukiwa na mkojo (kukaa muda mrefu bila kukojoa ama kukojoa mkojo ‘kiduchu’) na mkojo kuwa wa rangi ya ugoro iliyokolea.

Kama mjamzito ana dalili hizo anatakiwa kumuona daktari haraka. Kuna hatua ambazo daktari atazichukua ili kusaidia tatizo lake na inasisitizwa kwamba hali ikifikia hivyo si tatizo la kupuuzia.

Namna ya kukabiliana na kichefuchefu Hatua za awali kwa mjamzito anayesumbuliwa na kichefu chefu ni pamoja na kwamba, kwa vile katika miezi mitatu ya mwanzo hadi minne, pua zake ni rahisi kusikia harufu, inashauriwa akae katika chumba chenye hewa ya kutosha ambacho hakisababishi hakikusanyi harufu kali kama vile mapishi ama sigara. Sambamba na hilo aepuke kukaa sehemu zenye harufu mbaya na inayokera pua.

Pili, aepuke kukaa eneo lenye joto kwa sababu joto linaaminika kuongeza kichefu chefu. Anashauriwa pia apendelee kula vitu vikavu, kama bisi, tambi, kaukau za chips na ikiwezekana afanye hivyo dakika 15 kabla ya kuamka kutoka kitandani asubuhi. Kwa hiyo ahakikishe vyakula vikavu haviko mbali na kitanda chake. Nne, ale chakula kidogo kidogo kila baada ya saa mbili ama tatu.

Tumbo linapobaki wazi kwa muda mrefu linaweza kuongeza hali ya kujisikia kichefuchefu. Ale chakula chenye protini ya kutosha na wanga (siyo mafuta) kwani hivyo vyote viwili husaidia kupigana na hali ya kichefuchefu. Pia chakula kisiwe na harufu kali ama kisiwe kimekaangwa sana. Vyakula chukuchuku vinafaa zaidi.

Tano, anyanyuke taratibu na asilale haraka haraka baada ya kula chakula na pia asiache kula bila sababu na hasa kula kile anachotamani. Katika hali ya kichefuchefu anashauriwa ajaribu kula hata kama si sehemu ya chakula ulichozea kila siku. Lingine ni kunywa maji nusu saa kabla chakula na nusu saa baada ya chakula.

Kwa lugha nyingine, asinywe maji pamoja na chakula. Ahakikishe unakunywa wastani wa glasi nane za maji kwa siku ili kuepuka hali ya kupungukiwa maji mwilini.

Kama harufu inamuudhi wakati wa kupika na yeye ndiye analazimika kupika, ajaribu kupikia sehemu yenye uwazi wa kutosha, madirisha makubwa ama hata nje ya nyumba. Kama inawezekana, atafute mtu mwingine amsaidie kutayarisha chakula.

Ajaribu pia kula chakula kilichopoa badala ya cha moto. Chakula kilichopoa kina harufu kidogo kulinganisha na cha moto. Pia inashauriwa kwamba chakula wakati huu kisiwe na chumvi nyingi. Harufu ya limao ama ndimu iliyokatwa inaweza kusaidia pia kupunguza kichefu chefu.

Anaweza pia kuweka limao kidogo kwenye chai yake au hata maji. Na mwisho mjamzito anayesumbuliwa na kichefuchefu apate muda mwingi wa kupumzika.

Kuongea mambo ya mimba na akina mama wengine wenye kujua tatizo lake kunaweza pia kusaidia hali ya kupunguza mgandamizo/ mawazo mazito kichwani, kwani kama ilivyoelezwa mwanzo, nadharia moja ambayo watu wanahisi kuwa inasababisha kichefuchefu ni hali hiyo ya mawazo mengi.

Vitu au dawa za kusaidia Tangawizi ni zao la asili ambalo mara nyingi linashauriwa katika kutibu kichefuchefu na kutapika kwa mwanamke mjamzito.

Baadhi ya tafiti zimeonesha kuwa tangawizi inasaidia sana kupunguza kasi ya kichefu chefu kwa wanawake wajawazito. Mgonjwa pia anaweza kutumia kidonge cha Diclectin: Dawa hii muungano wa vitamin B6 na dawa zinazozuia mzio (antihistamine) aina ya doxylamine.

Dawa hizi zimetengenezwa viwandani kwa ajili ya kuzuia kichefu chefu na kutapika. Dawa hizi zimekuwa zikitumiwa zaidi nchini Canada na wanawake wengi wamesema kwamba zinawasaidia.

Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanawake wamedai kusikia hali ya kizunguzungu wanapotumia aina hii ya dawa. Kadhalika kuna dawa mbalimbali ambazo madaktari wanaweza kumpa mgonjwa ili kusaidia katika tatizo hili.

Kumuona daktari Mbali na kumuona daktari kutokana na kutapika sana hadi kuonesha dalili ya kuishiwa maji ama kupungua uzito, inapaswa kumuona daktari endapo tatizo la kutapika halikomi baada ya kujaribu mambo ambayo tumeyaorodhesha hapo juu.

Pili mjamzito amuone daktari kama anatapika damu ama vitu ambavyo vinafanana na mbegu za kahawa. Mgonjwa akifika hospitali, daktari anaweza kutaka kujua historia ya ugonjwa wake, hususan kuhusu ni mara ngapi kwa siku kichefuchefu hutokea na kama kinakutokea kila siku ama la.

Anaweza kutaka kujua kama mgonjwa amekuwa akisafiri safiri, utaratibu wake wa kila siku kama umevurugwa, kama kuna hali inayomletea mawazo ama kumchanganya akili, aina gani ya chakula ambayo amekuwa akiitumia na kama yeye ama mumewe anavuta sigara. Makala haya yamepatikana kutokana na mtandao wa kompyuta.

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